Sources
Every evidence source Nerd Burger and the 24 Sliders can reach, grouped by how they're accessed. This is the trust layer — no hidden content, no fabricated citations, no pretending we have what we don't.
Australian-first, globally complete. We prioritise Australian college guidelines and government health resources, then layer on the global colleges, WHO, NICE, and the full biomedical literature through PubMed, Europe PMC, OpenAlex, ClinicalTrials.gov and a growing list of specialist sources.
Legitimate sources only — no custom scraping
PICO-SEARCH only indexes content we have explicit permission to access. We use public APIs (PubMed, Europe PMC, ClinicalTrials.gov, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, CORE, Crossref), legitimate aggregators (Epistemonikos, TRIP, GIN International Library), and partner-based feeds (NICE Syndication API when approved). We never scrape custom sites, never cache content, and never paraphrase licensed material. Commercial references (eTG, AMH, UpToDate, DynaMed, BMJ Best Practice, Embase, CINAHL, MIMS, HealthPathways) are handled via respectful click-through only.
How we rank the evidence — CEBM pyramid
Not every study is equal. Every citation PICO-SEARCH returns is tagged by study type (from PubMed's publication_type when available, otherwise a regex over title + abstract) and mapped to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) hierarchy. Strong-top, weak-bottom. The question type (treatment / prognosis / test-accuracy / aetiology) reshuffles the pyramid — for example, prognosis favours inception cohorts over RCTs.
rank_score = evidence_tier_weight × recency_decay × relevance_score × quality_multiplier. Tier weight: 1a = 1.00, 1b = 0.80, 2a = 0.60, 2b = 0.45, 3a = 0.30, 3b = 0.22, 4 = 0.15, 5 = 0.10. Recency decay: exp(−age_years / half_life) where half-life is 5y for treatment/test-accuracy questions, 10y for prognosis. Quality multiplier: Jadad heuristic on RCTs (0.7 – 1.1).Live APIs · 22
Queried on every search in parallel. Explicit public API with TDM rights or CC0 licence.
~37M biomedical records — MEDLINE + life-sciences journals
~43M records, 8M+ OA full-texts, preprints (bioRxiv, medRxiv)
~500k registered trials worldwide
- OpenAlexGlobal
250M+ works across all disciplines — catches non-MEDLINE journals
- Semantic ScholarGlobal
~200M papers with SPECTER2 embeddings + citation graph
Allen Institute for AI — 200M+ papers, free Academic Graph API (100 req/sec anon, higher with key). Client at apps/web/src/lib/sources/semantic-scholar.ts — provides searchSemanticScholar + getSimilarPapers (references crawl).
- COREUK
~275M OA full-texts from institutional repositories
- CrossrefGlobal
170M+ DOI-registered works — catches non-MEDLINE content + funding
- EpistemonikosChile/Global
Largest multilingual collection of systematic reviews and their primary studies
- Cochrane LibraryGlobal
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), CENTRAL trials register, methodology — abstracts reached via Europe PMC
Full review PDFs are Wiley-paywalled; CDSR abstracts + key findings are picked up through Europe PMC on every search.
US NLM drug identity + ATC classification. Free, no key. Resolves 'metformin' → RxCUI + ATC class + brand name equivalents + therapeutic alternatives via ATC siblings.
Backbone of drug-name normalisation. Augments synthesis with structured drug metadata the literature layer doesn't return.
- OpenFDAUS
FDA drug labels (indications, contraindications, warnings, interactions sections), FAERS adverse event reports, recalls. Free, 40 req/min anon / 240 with key.
US drug data — AU prescribing still defers to TGA (link-out) + AMH (licensed link-out). OpenFDA adds post-market safety signals.
Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme — ~5,000 subsidised medicines with authority/streamlined restrictions and PBS item codes. Official REST API at data-api.health.gov.au/pbs/api/v3, monthly updates, anonymous via public sandbox subscription key.
Legacy XML downloads deprecated 1 May 2026 — v3 API is the only future format. PBS_API_KEY env override available; otherwise uses public sandbox key.
SNOMED CT-AU + Australian Medicines Terminology (AMT) + LOINC + ICD-10-AM + NCTS reference sets via CSIRO-hosted FHIR R4 terminology server. Anonymous $lookup, $expand, $validate-code, $translate. Used for AU-specific clinical term expansion, medicine normalisation, and ICD-10-AM cross-mapping.
Highest-leverage AU integration. Free clinician registration at digitalhealth.gov.au unlocks private syndication bundles, but the anonymous R4 endpoint covers ~90% of use cases. AMT refset URL is left as a TODO until confirmed against syndication metadata.
Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG), safety alerts, recalls, and adverse event data. No dedicated developer API — structured data discovered via data.gov.au CKAN, safety alerts and ARTG entries surfaced as web deep-links. Crown copyright, CC-BY 4.0.
TGA does not currently publish to data.gov.au CKAN — the discovery query returns 0 results today. Linkout helpers (tgaSafetyAlertsUrl, tgaArtgSearchUrl) are the primary surface area until TGA ships a real API. PI/CMI documents remain licensed_linkout.
Australian government open data portal. Anonymous CKAN 2.9 API indexing health-related datasets from AIHW, ABS, Department of Health, and state health departments. Used by PICO-SEARCH as the discovery layer for new AU government health data resources.
MyHospitals performance metrics REST API (myhospitalsapi.aihw.gov.au/api/v1) + METEOR metadata registry deep-links. Anonymous, JSON. Covers hospital wait times, surgery lists, chronic disease prevalence, and the AU national health data dictionary.
METEOR has no public REST/JSON endpoint — link-builder only. MyHospitals API is anonymous and well-documented.
HL7 Australia's AU FHIR Core IG — clinical FHIR profiles (Patient, Condition, MedicationRequest, AllergyIntolerance) bound to AU value sets (ATC, AMT, SNOMED CT-AU refsets). The canonical reference for what AU codes mean in FHIR.
Maintained by HL7 Australia, mirrored to github.com/AuDigitalHealth/au-fhir-core. Used as a reference for structured-input intake when integrators send PICO-SEARCH a FHIR resource.
HL7 Australia's AU Base IG — demographic + identifier baseline (IHI, HPI-I, Medicare number, DVA, Healthcare Provider Identifier). The canonical AU mapping for who a patient is in FHIR.
Trial Use FHIR R4 Observation profile from HL7 Australia AU Core IG. Inherits AU Base Pathology Result, binds Observation.code extensibly to RCPA SPIA Pathology Reporting v1 and component.code to four SPIA discipline refsets (chemical pathology, haematology, immunopathology, microbiology/serology/molecular). The canonical AU shape for representing a pathology result in FHIR.
Used by PICO-SEARCH as the validation contract for any future structured pathology input from sister projects. NCTS Ontoserver $expand targets documented in apps/web/src/lib/sources/ncts.ts.
Standards for Pathology Informatics in Australia (SPIA) — the RCPA's authoritative AU pathology terminology value set, dual-coded to SNOMED CT-AU and LOINC. Bound by au-core-diagnosticresult-path. Available via NCTS Ontoserver and HL7 AU terminology server.
Use NCTS Ontoserver $expand against this ValueSet URL for AU pathology autocomplete and code normalisation. Refset URLs documented in ncts.ts JSDoc.
Four NCTS-hosted SPIA discipline refsets bound by au-core-diagnosticresult-path component.code: chemical-pathology, haematology, immunopathology, microbiology-serology-molecular. The atomic AU pathology test catalogues, scoped per discipline.
ABS Data API beta — SDMX-JSON health and demographic statistics at data.api.abs.gov.au/rest/data. Anonymous. Deaths, causes of death, National Health Survey, mental health survey, life expectancy, and population denominators.
SDMX-JSON walker built without any parser dependency — flattens series/observations into {period, value, dimensions} rows.
Local corpus · 4
Refreshed on a cron and stored on the VPS for millisecond lookups.
Full relational dump of ClinicalTrials.gov, nightly, ~2.3 GB
- NLM MeSHUS
31,110 descriptors; drives query expansion for every search
- WHO ICTRPGlobal
20+ national trial registries incl. ANZCTR, EU-CTR, CTRI, ISRCTN
8,161 Cochrane systematic-review abstract/conclusion pairs released by EBM Lab (npj Digital Medicine 2024). Includes a post-Sept-2022 holdout set outside GPT-3.5 training, ideal for clean LLM synthesis regression. PICO-SEARCH plans to use the test set as a synthesis quality regression target alongside MS².
MIT licensed. NOT a live source — bulk dataset for our internal regression suite only. Mined from ebmlab GitHub on 2026-04-13.
Partner APIs — live · 3
Accessed via an explicit partnership agreement or syndication API. Full attribution on every citation.
Free APIs — coming · 7
Client code ready, awaiting final wiring.
- DailyMedUS
NLM FDA-approved drug labels in structured SPL format — complements OpenFDA
Australian Digital Health Agency syndication Atom feed for SNOMED CT-AU RF2 + AMT v3 monthly bundle releases, ICPC-2 PLUS, LOINC AU. Free clinician registration on digitalhealth.gov.au required for download. PICO-SEARCH plans to ping daily and stamp synthesis output with the current AMT/SCT-AU release version.
Java + .NET reference clients exist at github.com/AuDigitalHealth/ncts-syndication-client. ~300 LOC TypeScript port planned for the corpus-worker on the VPS.
NCBI's PubTator 3.0 — entity-annotated PubMed abstracts (genes, diseases, chemicals, mutations, species, cell lines) via a free REST API. Used by PICO-SEARCH for entity-boosted ranking on top of standard PubMed retrieval.
Surfaced in evidence-synthesis tools survey 2026-04-13. Source client implementation pending.
Open-access PDF resolver — resolves any DOI to the legally-free version of the paper if one exists. ~50M OA papers indexed. Free API requires email parameter as identification (no key).
MIT licensed. PICO-SEARCH plans to call this on every result with a DOI and surface a green 'Free PDF' link when an OA copy exists. Source client implementation pending.
Bond University SR-Accelerator's Polyglot — translates a PubMed-syntax search query into Ovid/Embase/Cochrane/CINAHL/Web of Science/Scopus and 4 more database syntaxes. MIT-licensed npm package (@iebh/sra-polyglot). PICO-SEARCH plans to embed it as a live in-browser translator on every result page so clinicians can paste their search and immediately get every other DB's syntax.
Bond IEBH (Glasziou/Clark/Scott team). Already linked in reputable-sites as polyglot_sra; this entry tracks the npm package for the upcoming integration sprint.
Bond IEBH reference-library deduplication using the Clark/Beller benchmarked sweep methodology — published, PRISMA-defensible. MIT npm package (@iebh/dedupe-sweep). PICO-SEARCH plans to use it as a pre-export dedupe pass on saved-search libraries before generating EndNote/RIS/BibTeX exports.
Bond IEBH MIT npm package (@iebh/reflib) for parsing and writing BibTeX, RIS, EndNote XML, nbib, JSON. Enables PICO-SEARCH to ship a legitimate Export-to-EndNote/Zotero/RefMan button on results + saved-search pages without subscriptions.
Partnership outreach pending · 70
Listed so users know we're aware of them. We're approaching each publisher with a polite partnership request for indexing rights — see docs/partnership-outreach-template.md. Never scraped without explicit permission.
- CDCUS
Infection, vaccination, outbreak, and public-health guidance
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network — evidence-graded CPGs
- RACGPAU
Red Book, Green Book, clinical guidelines, Good practice, position statements
Primary guidance for Australian general practice
National Heart Foundation + Cardiac Society of ANZ cardiovascular guidelines
- RANZCOGAU
O&G statements: antenatal care, caesarean, fertility, menopause, oncology
T1DM/T2DM position statements, insulin, GLP-1/SGLT2 CV outcomes
Australian Immunisation Handbook — vaccine indications, schedules, contraindications
Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment — kidney guidelines
Cancer screening, survivorship, clinical practice guidelines
Women's health clinician + patient resources — PCOS, menopause, endometriosis
Menopause position statements, HRT guidance, vasomotor symptom management
Australian men's health resources — andropause, prostate, ED
COPD-X Plan, asthma, IPF, lung cancer patient + clinician resources
- ASIDAU
Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases — position statements
- RACPAU
Royal Australasian College of Physicians — general internal medicine
- ACEMAU
Australasian College for Emergency Medicine — emergency guidelines
- RANZCPAU
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists — clinical guidelines
Anaesthesia + Faculty of Pain Medicine — acute & chronic pain, opioid guidelines
- TGAAU
Therapeutic Goods Administration: drug safety, PI, CMI, alerts, recalls
- PBS (AU)AU
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme — what's subsidised + prescribing criteria
Medicare Benefits Schedule item numbers and descriptors
- AIHWAU
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare — national statistics + reports
- NHMRCAU
National Health and Medical Research Council clinical guidelines
National health information service — symptom checker, service finder
Victorian Gov plain-language patient health articles
American College of Cardiology + American Heart Association guidelines
- ESCEU
European Society of Cardiology clinical practice guidelines
- ESMOEU
European Society for Medical Oncology clinical practice guidelines
Standards of Care in Diabetes — annual update
- IDSAUS
Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines
- EULAREU
European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology recommendations
- KDIGOGlobal
Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes — CKD, AKI, transplant guidelines
- GINAGlobal
Global Initiative for Asthma — annual report
- GOLDGlobal
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease — annual report
Endocrine Society clinical practice guidelines
- World Obesity FederationGlobal
Global obesity policy, atlas, clinical resources
IMS position statements on menopause and HRT
- PDQ-EvidenceGlobal
Systematic reviews + evidence syntheses for health-systems decisions
10,000+ quality-rated systematic reviews on public-health interventions
CDC systematic reviews of prevention interventions + recommendations
Replaced the US National Guideline Clearinghouse — curated, quality-appraised CPGs
- PEDroAU
Physiotherapy Evidence Database — 62,000+ RCTs, systematic reviews, and guidelines. Australian-hosted.
- OTseekerAU
Occupational therapy systematic reviews and RCTs. Australian-hosted.
Speech pathology evidence database for communication + swallowing disorders
- PsycBITEAU
Psychological treatments for acquired brain impairment
Hazardous Substances Information System — GHS, workplace exposure standards
- ATSDRUS
US CDC Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry — tox profiles, health effects
NSW clinical networks, pathways, Innovation Exchange
Victorian clinical guidance, best-practice advice, patient-safety standards
Queensland Health statewide clinical guidelines, maternity, paediatric, mental health
WA regional / remote clinical guidance
WA DOH clinical library index — LibGuides to 46+ clinical resources
Registry seeded from this page — thanks WA DOH librarians.
Independent AU drug information, RADAR reviews, consumer medicine info
Australian palliative care evidence, resources, patient + clinician pathways
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health evidence base — Edith Cowan University
Aboriginal + Torres Strait Islander health research + PubMed search filter
1,200+ rare-disease patient-facing introductions and clinician summaries
- OrphanetEU
Rare-disease and orphan-drug encyclopedia, EU-hosted, clinically reviewed
- FindZebraGlobal
Rare-disease differential-diagnosis symptom search
1,200+ Canadian clinical practice guidelines from CMA Joule
Canadian equivalent of USPSTF — GRADE-aligned prevention recommendations
- bpacNZNZ
NZ Best Practice Advocacy Centre — peer-reviewed primary-care guidance, strong CME content
- RCPAAU
Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia — lab test reference + best practice
- RANZCRAU
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists — imaging + radiation oncology
US National Cancer Institute's peer-reviewed cancer information summaries (health-professional + patient versions)
NHS UK evidence discovery hub — free access to Cochrane, BMJ Best Practice, NICE
Sydney-based global health research — reports, journal articles, policy
UK health + social care policy, improvement reports, analysis
Australian grey literature + policy research repository
NSW Health clinician portal bundling UpToDate, Lexicomp, BMJ Best Practice, DynaMed, and drug references for NSW health staff
Partnership opportunity: PICO-SEARCH could integrate with CIAP SSO so NSW clinicians see 'open in your CIAP-licensed UpToDate →' banners on every answer.
Licensed — link-out only · 19
Commercial content we respect and never scrape. The Head Nerd surfaces a click-through when a question is in their territory.
- ANZCTRAU
Australian & New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry — all locally-registered trials
Free XML web-service endpoint is confirmed at anzctr.org.au/WebServices/LoadPublicTrialList.aspx. V1 ships a stub client (apps/web/src/lib/sources/anzctr.ts) that throws — registry entry only, link-out for now. Re-tier to free_api_live once the XML client is wired and parsing is hardened.
The authoritative Australian prescribing reference — antibiotic, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, mental health, palliative, pain, dermatology, etc.
Licensed content — PICO-SEARCH does not include or synthesise eTG text. Clinicians with an eTG subscription can click through for the authoritative guideline.
Drug monographs, interactions, paediatric + geriatric dosing
Licensed content — link-out only.
- UpToDateGlobal
Point-of-care evidence-based clinical decision support
Licensed content — link-out only.
- DynaMedGlobal
EBSCO point-of-care evidence summaries
Licensed content — link-out only.
- BMJ Best PracticeGlobal
BMJ point-of-care decision support
Licensed content — link-out only.
- Embase (Elsevier)Global
~8,000 journals not in MEDLINE, strong European + pharma coverage
Licensed content — not fetched. PubMed + EPMC cover most overlap.
- CINAHL (EBSCO)Global
Nursing and allied health literature
Licensed content — not fetched.
Clinical search engine over guidelines, SRs, RCTs, and Cochrane (PICO-optimised answers)
TRIP Pro API requires an authenticated key (paid subscription). V1 is link-out only via apps/web/src/lib/sources/trip.ts (stub throws — directs users to TRIP web search). Re-tier to free_api_live if we negotiate a key.
- PROSPEROUK
International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD, University of York) — ~200k registered protocols
Link-out only — PROSPERO API is restricted. Users can search the protocol registry directly via the homepage. Used by the Head Nerd to surface registered but unpublished SR protocols when the question is clearly a review-in-progress.
JBI Database of Systematic Reviews + Implementation Reports — global SR/scoping/mixed-methods output
JBI Database of Systematic Reviews + Implementation Reports is subscription gated. Adelaide-based (Joanna Briggs Institute, University of Adelaide). Surfaced as an authoritative link-out banner only; we never fetch content.
International index of clinical practice guidelines from 100+ orgs
G-I-N International Guideline Library — membership required for full search access. Surfaced as an authoritative link-out banner only; we never fetch content.
- TOXINZNZ
NZ poisons database — 190k+ chemicals, pharmaceuticals, plants. Used by AU poisons info centres.
Licensed — hospital pharmacies and poisons lines subscribe.
Localised clinical pathways licensed per PHN. Widely used by AU/NZ GPs for referral + management
Licensed per Primary Health Network — PICO-SEARCH links out to the user's regional HealthPathways when they have access.
Prescribing info, drug interactions, PBS criteria — widely used in AU hospitals
Licensed content — link-out only.
- DrugBank Clinical APIGlobal
Drug monographs, drug–drug interactions, therapeutic alternatives, structured prescribing information. REST + JSON — the best-in-class structured drug knowledge API.
Commercial licence. Partnership target — approach when PICO-SEARCH has institutional customers.
Australian drug interaction, allergy, dosing, and duplication checks. Integrates into Best Practice, Medical Director, and other AU prescribing software.
AU-specific. Primary partnership target for PICO-SEARCH once we have clinician users — MIMS actively licenses their decision-support modules.
- IBM MicromedexGlobal
Enterprise drug monographs, dosing, IV compatibility, interactions
Enterprise licence only — typically bundled with hospital EHRs.
- PEPIDUS
Point-of-care drug monographs, dosing calculators, interactions, allergy checker
Licensed content with REST API — secondary target after DrugBank and MIMS.
Why we don't include eTG, AMH, UpToDate, Embase, CINAHL
Those products are commercially licensed and their publishers do not offer redistribution rights. PICO-SEARCH respects that — we never scrape them and we never fabricate their content. Instead, when the Head Nerd detects a question that is authoritatively eTG / AMH / UpToDate territory (dosing, drug interactions, PBS criteria, point-of-care reference), the answer surfaces a "click through to [eTG / AMH / UpToDate] for the authoritative guidance" banner so the clinician opens the right source in their own subscription.
If your institution licenses one of those products and wants PICO-SEARCH to deep-link into your subscription, get in touch: ops@picosearch.ai.